1 Urolithiasis (formation of urinary calculi or the condition associated with urinary calculi)
2 UTI (Urinary Tract Infection)-acute/chronic
3 Prostatitis –acute/chronic
4 Prostate enlargement
5 Chronic cystitis
6 STD (Sexually Transmitted diseases) –syphilis.gonorrhoea, herpes genitalis etc;
7 Nocturnal enuresis (bed wetting)
8 Infertility (apparent failure of couples to conceive. If a couple fails to achieve pregnancy after one year of unprotected intercourse it is an indication to investigate the couple. If conception has never occurred it is primary infertility, and if the patient fails to conceive after having produced a child or had an undoubted miscarriage it is secondary infertility.
CAUSES:
Faults in male: factors, which raise the scrotal temperature, can adversely influence sperm production. E.g. varicocele, wearing of tight scrotal support, undescended testicles. Besides these trauma, venereal disease (notably gonorrhoea) tuberculosis of the testes, excessive smoking, using excessive alcohol may cause poor spermatogenesis.
The important part of male investigation is the semen analysis. The best specimen will be if a short period of abstinence of 3-5 days is observed.
A typical specimen should show the following features when examined within two hours of production
1 Total volume 3-5ml(average 3.5ml)
2 Sperm count 60-120 million per ml (average 100 million)
3 Motility 80-90%(average 80%)
4 Morphology, 80% or more normal (average 80%) Azoopsermia is absence of sperms; oligospermia is count less than normal.
Faults of the female: Defects by birth like maldevelpment of vagina, inflammation of fallopian tube after gonorrhoea, septic abortion, or after puerperal infection, tuberculosis of the tubes., malformed uterus, tuberculosis of the uterus, fibroids which distort the uterine cavity , dyspareunia., ovarian dysfunction. Chronic ill health, and chronic disease can reduce the fertility of the individual.